U.S. Marine Corps Weapons 1940s and Today - 1359 Words

U.S. Marine Corps Weapons: 1940s and Today Brandon L. Newberry ENG 121 Benjamin Daw 6/11/2012 U.S. Marine Corps Weapons: 1940s and Today A lot of men see the differences in generations within the military, but few can see that early military formed everything in to the way the military is today. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast the Marine infantryman’s basic weapons of the 1940s and today, to include the rifle, machine guns and anti-tank weapons. In the 1940s every U.S. Marine was issued and carried with him where ever he went, a 9.5 lb, 43.5 inches, M1 Garand. The body of the weapon was made from a solid piece of wood and the barrel was fabricated from a solid piece of medal witch chambered a 7.62x51†¦show more content†¦The M249 fires a 5.56x45 millimeter round that can fire up to 850 rounds per minute from a 100 round linked drum and can accurately engage a target out to 1,000 yards. Just like its 1940s counterpart it is used on the front lines for its light weight and maneuverability. The M249 will soon be replaced with the M27. The med ium weight machine gun that is in use today is the M240G which weighs in at 25.6 lbs at 49.7 inch’s. The M240G can fire up to 950 rounds per minute from a 100 round linked drum and can accurately engage and eliminate a target out to 1,800 yards. The M240G, just like the M1919, fires a 7.62x51 millimeter and was placed on the front lines and in aircrafts for its high caliber and its high rate of fire. Lastly the heavy machine gun that we use today is the same that was used in the 1940s, the M2. There have been very few changes, such as parts made out of lighter medals. The last class of weapons to cover is the main anti-tank weapons. During the 1940s the main anti-tank weapon is also one of the most famous weapons that were on the battle field, the M9, also known as the Bazooka. The M9 weighed in at 14.3 lbs unloaded at 61 inches. The warhead itself weighed in at 3.5 lbs and was a 57 millimeter caliber and consisted of a 1 lb shape charge that could penetrate up to 4 inches of armor. The warhead was only accurate out to 120 yards, which is getting close to a tank for a shot, but could be fired out to 500 yards. As the M9 was long inShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Women1270 Words   |  6 PagesIn having two uncles who served in the Marines and a nephew who is now in the Marines, they talk about how women will act under pressure in combat. They still don’t think that women are capable. Assuming that their reasons are the same as everyone else in the military; their reason is that women physical strength is too weak to carry their male counterpart out of danger and their mental capacity to handle how gruesome war really is, as well as the woman hygiene and the hypothesis â€Å"what if the femaleRead MoreMississippi Essay947 Words   |  4 Pagesmilitary operations. Mississippi has had a presence in the defense industry since World War I, and has kept its heavy pro-military presence in the state since. Mississippi provides the defense industry w ith various military testing, training, and weapon manufacturing. Ingalls Shipyard, Camp Shelby, and Stennis Space Center are just a sample of what Mississippi has to offer. After the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I in 1957, President John F. Kennedy’s responded to congress by stating, â€Å"this nationRead More Edsons and Carlsons Raiders Essay2578 Words   |  11 PagesOUTLINE I. Introduction. The Marine Corps today has developed itself into an elite fighting force based on strong naval traditions. The basic Marine is amphibious, which means that the warrior is capable of fighting on land and sea. The idea of an amphibious landing was developed through the training of the Marine Raider Battalions, which was tested and perfected in combat. Although there were two Raider Commanders with very different views on how to prepare their marines, Evans Carlson and MerrittRead MoreRole of Women in Wwii4604 Words   |  19 Pagescontributions in several ways such as manufacturing, morale, and the military itself at a time when a large portion of our male work force was deployed fighting the war. This paper explores the various roles carried by women during wartime in the 1940s. WWII presented opportunities in the military that had never been available to women. Traditional male roles in manufacturing were filled by women as the government recruited them to work in factories making things necessary to fight the war. MoraleRead MoreSegregation and Discrimination in the United States Military During World War Two10166 Words   |  41 PagesSegregation and Discrimination in the United States Military during World War Two Thesis: Although the U.S. military has been a leader in desegregation and in other social matters, during World War Two fear and prejudice keep many highly qualified people from serving. This weakened every branch of the military by limiting it to a less diverse and therefore less flexible fighting force. 1. History of the U.S. Military a. Leader in social matters i. Inclusion of minorities iiRead MoreTechnology in Wwii Essay3441 Words   |  14 Pagesexception. Innovations in weapons and transportation developed greatly throughout World War II, and had a very profound impact on the outcome of the war and the technology of the antebellum world. Technology before World War II was simpler and much less efficient. America was moving toward the beginning of industrialism and mass production. This trend seems to have begun in the Civil War or, as many called it, â€Å"The First Modern War.† During the Civil War, weapons such as the repeating rifleRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageschronological break points. In the decades that followed the Great War, the victorious European powers appeared to have restored, even expanded, their global political and economic preeminence only to see it eclipsed by the emergence of the Soviet and U.S. superpowers on their periphery and a second round of even more devastating global conflict. The bifurcated international system that resulted from the cold war standoff extended the retreat of globalization, but nurtured the liberation of most ofRead MoreModern History.Hsc.2012 Essay25799 Words   |  104 Pages- When a German U-boat sank the British liner Lusitania in 1915, with 128 Americans aboard, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson vowed, America is too proud to fight and demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships. Germany complied. - Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement. He repeatedly warned the U.S. would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare, in violation of international law and U.S. ideas of human rights. Wilson was under pressure from former president Theodore RooseveltRead MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 Pagesready to speak out. Originally planned as an article, Silent Spring became a book of more than two hundred pages when the only outlet she could find was the book publisher Houghton Mifflin. Though Silent Spring is without question her best-known book today, Carson was already a national literary celebrity when it came out. As workof social criticism, Silent Spring represented a considerable departure from the natural history with which she had made a name for herself. Whether this would have been a turningRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesLangstons life, she treasured Lewiss bullet-riddled shawl, an emblem of his martyrdom. She often covered young Langston with it as he slept on her daybed. Mary Langstons first husband, Lewis Leary, had participated in John Browns raid against the U.S. arsenal at Harpers Ferry. (Library of Congress) In 1869, Grandmother Mary had married Charles Langston, the son of a white plantation owner and a slave. In 1888, Mary and Charles Langston moved to Lawrence with their children, Carrie and Nathaniel

Article Summary - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 375 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/24 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Kappa Delta + 1 Hayley Williams, Lauren De Leon, Sam Thopmson, Beth Frazier Andy Miller Marketing September 16, 2010 Reference: Reynolds, j. (2010, September 14). Nestle in review of gold blend couple strategy. Retrieved from https://www. marketingmagazine. co. uk/news/1028154/NestlE-review-Gold-Blend-couple-strategy/ Article Summary: The article â€Å"Nestle in Review of ‘Gold Blend Couple’ Strategy† reviews the possible future of a past advertisement to see if it will market as well today as in the 1980’s. In the 1980’s, Nestle released a series of commercials featuring a â€Å"will they or won’t they couple† who were neighbors. The commercial saga depicts the ongoing relationship between the neighbors and their interactions with each other. The commercial saga was so successful that in the late 1980’s, thirty million viewers tuned into to watch the couple’s first kiss. Now, Nestle is bringing back the commerc ial hoping to place feel on the advertising of their Gold Blend Coffee. Nestle is now discussing a new way to create the same effect as the original Gold Blend Coffee couple in today’s marketing atmosphere. Article Relatedness: This article relates to information pertaining to companies being aware of their target market’s wants and needs. Nestle is doing research in order to find a fresh way to introduce the same couple, since in the past, the couple provided so much success for the company. Nestle needs to take a good look at their target market of today, while making a new advertisement strategy, since the target market has changed since the late 1980’s. While Nestle reviews the advertisement, they need to be aware of their competitors and the strategies they are using. When the campaign first began, it was easier to reach their target market because there were limited channel options. However, today, they must consider how to reach their target market because of the amount of channels and advertisements from their competitors. Article Usage: This article exemplifies that a company must be fully aware of their target market’s wants and needs or the company will not be successful. Companies must research their target market in depth so the company can meet their expectations. It also shows that a company must evaluate the success of their endeavors, in order to see if they are achieving their objectives. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Article Summary" essay for you Create order

The Theory Of Routine Activity Theory - 870 Words

Choice theory (routine activity) or trait theories (bio social and psychological), which is responsible for more criminal activity? In order to determine which one causes more criminal activity, they each must be defined. Choice Theory (routine activity) Rational choice theory commonly known as choice theory is based off of beliefs from classic criminology, which believe that individuals freely choose their behavior and are motivated by the pursuit of gratification and the attempt to avoid pain. Choice theory gives the perspective of the reason why individual offenders commit specific crimes; individuals choose to commit crimes to seek happiness, and it can be rewarding, easy, satisfying, and fun. Offenders commit crimes because violating the law can be attractive and not because they from a broken home or troubled family. Choice theory also states that the decision to commit a crime comes after careful thought of weighing the reward versus the costs of the criminal activity. Routin e activity theory is a subpart of rational choice theory and was developed by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson in 1979. Routine activity theory is based on three elements, which include suitable targets (such as homes with goods that are easily sold), the unavailability of capable guardians (such as homeowners, police officers and security guards), and the motivation for an offender (such as an unemployed offender). The offender’s decision to commit a crime is influenced by the opportunity;Show MoreRelatedRoutine Activities Theory Essays1787 Words   |  8 PagesThere are many definitions to theory. According to Akers (2009) â€Å"theories are tentative answers to the commonly asked questions about events and behavior† (Akers, (2009, p. 1). Theory is a set of interconnect statements that explain how two or more things are related in two casual fashions, based upon a confirmed hypotheses and established multiple times by disconnected groups of researchers. There are six elements that make a theory sound. These elements are scientific criteria that provide whetherRead MoreRational Choice And Routine Activities Theories1847 Words   |  8 Pageschoice and routine activities theories differ from each other because one looks at the offender side and the other looks at the victim. Rational choice theory believes that law-violating behavior is the result of cautious thought and planning of an individual by weighting the cost and the benefits before committing a crime. (Siegel 2011, p. 85). However, according to Siegel 2011, routine activities theory believes that victims put themselves in danger by engaging in high-risk activities, such as goingRead MoreRoutine Activities Theory : The Classical School Of Criminological Theory1354 Words   |  6 PagesRoutine activities theory or RAT was originally proposed by the classical school of criminological theory. Classical school theorists believe that humans are rational individuals who make deci sions based on their own free will. In short, humans oftentimes make decisions after taking into consideration the risk versus reward associated with the behavior. Essentially, routine activities theory draws from Amos Hawley’s (1950) theory of human ecology. This theory explores the terrestrial aspects of humanRead MoreRoutine Activity Theory, High Risk Lifestyles Theory1144 Words   |  5 Pagesapplication of routine activity theory in case of Rehtaeh Parson (victim) experienced sexual assault( followed by suicide) ,attempted by her friend (abuser and criminals). Routine activity theory basically originated from three theories: crime opportunity theory, victim precipitation theory, high risk lifestyles theory . Cohen and Marcus(1956 ) reported that Routine activity theory—also sometimes referred to as lifestyle theory—has proven to be one of the more useful theories for understandingRead MoreRational Choice Theory Vs Routine Activity Theory1299 Words   |  6 PagesRational Choice Theory and Routine Activity Theory are two of several different theories used in criminology. These two theories can help a person examine why a person would commit a crime in the first place. In this paper, I will explain that these two theories are as well as compare and contrast the two theories. Routine Activity Theory was developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence E. Cohen. Routine activity theory helps identify criminal activity and behavior through explanation in crime rate. (CohenRead MoreRoutine Activity Theory By Marcus Felson1148 Words   |  5 PagesRoutine activity theory is a sub theory that was created by Marcus Felson. The routine theory is supported by the social control theory because of its principles. Principles that state crimes are considered normal activity when an opportunity arises. If the victim is available with no protection, then that situation will lead to criminal activity if the victim has value. The main principle is that opportunity is the causation of crime, and the social control theory main principle is to cancel allRead MoreRoutine Activity And Situational Crime Prevention Theory1082 Words   |  5 PagesRoutine activity theory states that for a crime to be committed, three important factors need to be present including: a motivated offender, an accessible target, and the absence of a capable guardian against a violation. Marcus Felson and Lawrence E. Cohen introduced the routine activity theory in 1979, where they believed that an individual who has these three characteristics gives them a greater possibility of committing a crime. Moreover, situational crime prevention is known as strategies ofRead MoreThe Case Of Mason s Routine Activity Theory1656 Words   |  7 Pagesliving with his aunt and not really seeing her often, who could he turn too when he needed reassurance, comfort or just companionship? According to Cohen and Felson’s routine activity theory has three main factors that must be met which are a motivated offender, a suitable target, and as well as the absence of a capable guardian. This theory focuses on that if there is an opportunity for crime that a motivated offender will seize the opportunity to do so. In the case of Mason that is exactly what he didRead MoreTechniques Used For Preventing Ro utine Activity Theory Essay3936 Words   |  16 Pages Fahmida Monita John Jay College of Criminal Justice Professor Sung-Yu Violet Techniques used to Prevent Routine Activity Theory December 12, 2014 Abstract Throughout society crime has been seen as a devastating social problem. Throughout this paper, I will be talking about residential burglary. Residential burglary is a property crime, and it is widespread worldwide, and can happen to almost any home. Residential burglary causes property loss and destruction of the home for the victimsRead MoreThe Importance Of Routine Activity And The Person Situation Interaction Theories Essay1853 Words   |  8 Pageswith these advances and how to use it to their advantage. An example of this is found in the Target data breach, where thousands of customers’ personal details were leaked. This essay will analyze this crime making use of Routine Activity and the Person-Situation Interaction theories to explain the motive behind this type of criminal behavior. Strategies will also be suggested to avoid a recurrence of such a crime. Crime overview Between the period of November 27th to December 15th 2013, over 11 gigabytes

Lesson from the Lehman Brothers free essay sample

Introduction Lehman Brothers financial services filed bankruptcy on September 15, 2008, in the New York Southern District U. S. Bankruptcy Court. Resulting in an immediate 500 point drop in the Dow Jones (Did Ernst Young Really Assist Financial Fraud? 2011). This day became known as ‘‘Dark Monday’’ (Donaldson, 2012). This was to date, the largest bankruptcy filing in history unleashing a â€Å"crisis of confidence that threw financial markets worldwide into turmoil, sparking the worst crisis since the Great Depression. † However this financial icon’s fall is no surprise. The bankruptcy examiner released reports saying that the firm’s executives and auditor, â€Å"lambasted† for what they did to cause the collapse of the firm (Robbins Coulter, 2010). The Lehman Brother culture was one of risk and reward. At the company, â€Å"Excessive risk taking by employees was openly lauded and rewarded handsomely. Employees knew they could give risky ideas and they would get rewards for them. Individuals making questionable deals were hailed and treated as ‘conquering heroes’. We will write a custom essay sample on Lesson from the Lehman Brothers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † (Robbins Coulter, 2010, pp. 147-148). If anyone would question decisions made or speak out in disagreement, executives would not listen. In addition, the executives would overrule and go with the least desirable decision. Most companies would be wary of taking so many risks and only give reward after that risk had proven to be a good decision. For the Lehman Brothers if the risk turned out to be bad and the company was actually at a lost, they would conceal it. Lehman was once known for its â€Å"Family† like culture. So what happened? According to Greenfield (2009), the mistake lay in putting too much faith in an outmoded culture and failing to see how its very strength undermined the business†. Additionally, the culture was afraid of change and diversity. This also led to the company’s downfall. â€Å"A culture that is too strong can also end up too rigid and can shut out diversity. It can cause people not to trust others who are unlike them or haven’t shared their experiences – confusing the unfamiliar with incorrect† (Greenfield, 2009, pp 65). Due to bad decision making with some favorable results, they assumed they can continue to operate the same way without any repercussion. When the outcome was unfavorable, they began to conceal their losses, which began of the collapse of Lehman Brothers The collapse of Lehman Brothers is blamed on the executives who allowed misleading and fraudulent manipulation of financial transactions and documents. Bankruptcy court appointed examiner Anton Valukas stated in a report, â€Å"The Lehman executives and the firm’s auditor, Ernst Young, were profoundly criticized for actions that led to the firm’s collapse. † Valukas explained that Lehman â€Å"repeatedly exceeded its own internal risk limits and controls, and a wide range of bad calls by its management led to the bank’s failure. † Valukas report stated that Lehman’s executives â€Å"should have done more, done better. † Valukas pointed out Lehman’s former Chief Executive Richard Fuld forced the company to file misleading periodic reports. Lehman used an accounting device they called â€Å"Repo 105† to get rid of about $50 billion dollars’ worth of undesirable assets off their balance sheet. The Repo 105 transactions only purpose was to manipulate the balance sheet; these transactions had no true substance. Fuld knew about the use and purpose of Repo 105 transactions; however he knowingly signed off on quarterly reports that did not mention such transactions (Robbins Coulter, 2010). Furthermore Lehman’s auditor Ernst Young was aware of the use of Repo 105, but did not make any efforts to resolve the issue or question the motives. Instead, the auditor approved the use of Repo 105 transactions that created a misleading picture of Lehmans financial position (Did Ernst Young Really Assist Financial Fraud? , 2011). Although The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was regulated to more stringent changes of financial practice and corporate governance, these types of unethical situations continue to exist due to greed and temptation. There are executives and top managers who seek the easy way to make the most money for them, without consideration for their shareholders who should be the priority. There will be no end to people with varying motivations trying to gain an unfair or even illegal advantage to get more of it. It’s not unreasonable to expect companies to act ethically: this is one reason so many laws and regulations are implemented. However, it is just difficult to find a company with a large number of personnel to conduct themselves ethically. Conclusion The Lehman Brothers case is another unfortunate financial crisis. Their company affected many shareholders and financial institutions around the world. The leadership of Lehman Brothers failed to uphold their mission statement and the financial rewards for themselves undermine their decision-making processes. Self-interest led them to make decisions that were extremely risky than their own internal controls were designed to control, and top executives received high compensations for taking such risks. It appeared that other personnel with various intentions also made irresponsible decisions without regard to those who would be adversely affected. Their company culture turned into â€Å"getting the biggest bang for your buck,† no matter what the potential cost of failure may be. Ethics were not a concern to Lehman executives, as they did everything that was bad for the business, and tried very hard to cover it up until the very end. Of course, emphasizing on ethics and decision making tactics would have helped tremendously.

Reading Aloud Essay Example

Reading Aloud Paper I. INTRODUCTION Reading aloud activity is commonly used by teachers all around the world. However,most ELT methodology authors such as Broghton,Brumfit,Flavell,Hill,and Pincas, on the other hand some speacialists suggest its use. The discussion about reading aloud is a perennial one. It has been discussed over thirty years or more,reading aloud is beneficial or just a time filler. In recent years,it is proven to be a useful tool while acquiring vocabulary,developing reading skills and comprehension of context. Reading aloud effects language learning in a positive manner. There will be a comprehensive revision of reading aloud and will be answered the following questions: 1-What are the effects of read-aloud activities? 2-What are the advantages or disadvantages of reading aloud activities? 3-How can teachers use read-aloud activities to enhance student’s ability to read? II. THE CONTROVERSY ABOUT READING ALOUD Reading aloud is regarded as bad practice by EFL/ESL teachers and by EFL/ESL methodology experts(Amer, 1997, 43). For example, Hill and Dobbyn(1979: 69) consider that reading aloud is only a way of filling 45 minutes in classroom and reading aloud is not beneficial for students(cited in Amer, 1997, 43). Other oppositions to reading aloud claim that: It is boring, causing anxiety and it has no noteworthy benefit for the students, particularly for the listeners. Reading aloud is a complicated activity to do well both for native speakers and language learners, so this might cause demotivation of students (Gibson, 2008, 29 30). The pupils might be handicapped by English spelling and make mistakes in the pronunciation of words they know orally (Birch cited in Gibson, 2008, 30). ‘A frequently cited reason for using reading aloud is for the improvement of pronunciation. We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Aloud specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Aloud specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Aloud specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, doubt is cast on the effectiveness of this by Celce-Murcia, Brinton, and Goodwin (1996) because of the controlled and therefore slightly unnatural texts that are often used; these do not neccessarily help pronunciation in spontaneous speech(cited in Gibson,2008, 30). These texts usually edit redundancy, fragmentation, and incompleteness which feature in everyday speech(Gibson, 2008, 30). ’ Reading aloud is actually important for the EFL/ESL readers, especially at the beginning of learnig the language. These learners tend to read word by word because of their limited linguistic skill while reading to themselves. They have anxiety to coprehend each word, they tend to seperate sentences into unmeaningful parts when they read. As a result, the sentences lose their totality so they become meaningless (Dhaif cited in Amer, 1997, 43). III. THE EFFECTS OF THE TEACHER’S READING ALOUD ON STUDENTS The role of reading aloud in EFL/ESL learning has not researched very much, but some studies has been made. For example; May (1986: 74) researched the effect of theacher’s reading aloud in English on the reading understanding of native Spanish-speaking children. He found out that the research favours use of reading aloud with EFL students regardless of linguistic level (cited in Amer, 1997, 44). Another study with Spanish-Speaking children has shown that reading aloud has an important positive effect on ESL learners’ reading comprehension, especially their ability to inter-relate, interpret and draw conclusions from the content (Santos cited in Amer, 1997: 44). An experiment made by Amer (1997) in order to find out the effect of the teacher’s read aloud on the reading comprehension of sixth-grade EFL learners reading a narrative text. He divided into two classes the students from an intermediate school in Cairo. The experimental class involves 39 students and the control class involves 36 students. All of the students had been studying EFL for six years. The Perfect Pearl by Osborne(1989) was used in the study. Then, the story was divided into four part and all parts were taught one by one in different days. Different teachers taugt each class. The teacher who taught the experimental class was trained by Amer to read the whole story aloud meaningfully. The key vocabulary in the part was given and it is read in the classroom, it is discussed and explained. To keep learners motivated and interested, they were told to read silently when the teacher read aloud. For keeping learners attention, teacher stopped at random spots in the text and demand them to read the next word. Then teacher asked some questions about the text. The same process was applied with the control class but that students read the text silently with no oral reading. Finally, two tests were used to evaluate the effect of reading aloud. The first test was a multiple choice, the second test was an adapted form of a story frame. The result was that the experimental group outperformed the control group on multiple choice and story frame tests. He concluded that learners had better understand of what they were reading in the teacher reading aloud process than in the silent reading process. Reading aloud by the teacher can aid EFL learners to improve a positive manner towards reading. Besides, reading aloud can stimulate them to read for pleasure. (Amer, 1997, 46). IV. THE POSSIBLE BENEFITS OF READING ALOUD L2 learners face some reading and writing problems because of the opacity of English orthography and the specific skills requires to decode it. Native English speakers produce different strategies to cope with this (Gibson, 2008: 30). L1 readers may not have produced these strategies because their orthographies are different from English, they have to get them so that they can read fluently in English. They tend to trust their L1 reading strateies when reading in English(Gibson, 2008: 30) So as to accelerate word recognition and to aid pronounce and learn new words it is very important making accurate connections between graphemes and phonemes (Stanovich cited in Gibson, 2008: 30). Reading aloud supplies readers to make and practise these connections. Birch proposes reading aloud as practice so that the pupils have as much feedback as possible on their decoding abilities. Reading aloud can also aid to improve reading fluency; Grabe and Stoller reccomend paired re-reading activities, where students try to accelerate their reading aloud via re-reading the same passage to each other for one minute and try to speed up each time (cited in Gibson, 2008, 31 ). Reading aloud might be a very useful diagnostic device. The intonation the student uses can show that where comprehension is not accurate (Underhill, cited in Gibson, 2008: 31 ). For instance, a teacher listening to a student’s reading aloud can specify the problems such as pronunciation, comprehension of graphemic-phonemic connections and so on. Some expert books on pronunciation are likely to focus on segmental and the accurate production of particular sounds or at most, single sentences are read aloud or spoken. Reading aloud is used for rehearsed speaking activities and to make new learnt speech patterns permanent by Chun (2002). This can supply students reading aloud each other. She advocates that listening and imitating should be used rarely because students quickly tire of it (cited in Gibson, 2008). Dictation by a student to a classmate or group is suggested for pronunciation practice as well ( Davis and Rinvolucri cited in Gibson 2008: 32). Foss and Reitzel (1988) suggest that reading aloud is a way of cutting down communication anxiety, however it is seen as anxiety-provoking by some students (cited in Gibson, 2008: 32). Willis(2008: 59) uses choral reading in order to reduce students’ stress of reading alone. The process of reading aloud together strenghten patterns. (Willis ibid. ) Reading aloud activities can be the only speaking opportunity that timid students have, so reading aloud aid timid and unconfident students with speaking exercise for a limited time until they feel themselves capable of speaking spontaneously (Gibson, 2008: 32). Reading aloud has an indirect mission in writing, however it is connected to writing with intonation. Chafe (1986, cited by Tench 1996) advocates that while wirting has no intonation, stress or pauses, both readers and writers tend to assign these elements to whatever they are reading and writing, in this way intonation might affect what is written, whether it is informal or formal formulaic letter (Gibson, 2008, 32). Earl Stevick (1989) interviewed seven particularly successful language learners and found that most of them, involving himself, used reading aloud as a learning technique outside the classroom. One learner chose to read aloud,rather than silently, to practise intonation and get the sound and flow of the language, particularly in the early stages of learning. He said it aided his comprehension-it is likely that reading aloud aided him to chunk the text into sense groups,even though he said he did not understand all the words-and to learn by heart new words. Another student found reading aloud was particularly beneficial for the improvement of his pronunciation. Others spoke of reliance, primarily in the beginning stages of language learning, on visual information to help access meaning, and then repeating it aloud to themselves. Stevick himself also liked to link what he was seeing with his articulatory processes and audotoriy feedback, and realized that he remembered things better if he said them aloud. ’Macaro (2001) suggests subvocalization as a technique for memorization. It seems that Stevick’s students were repeating words and phrases louder than in subvo calization for this and other aims (Gibson,2008, 32-33 ) ‘ V. VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT DURING READING ALOUD Reading aloud can give the opportunity to children to gain vocabulary and it affects the cildren by enhancing their vocabulary (Rosenhouse et al cited in Terblanche, 2002: 6). Reding aloud to children gives a strong context for building vocabulary as well (Biemiller Boote 2006,Bravo et al. 2007 cited in Kindle,2009 : 202). Besides,children are exposed to a more discriptive flow of language than of their daily language and conversation,their vocabulary enrichs with each story (Terblanche,202: 6). However, the book chosen for read alouds should be appealing,thus read aloud increase the children’s motivation and interest (Fisher et al. cited in Kindle,2009: 202) and the probability of novel words learning (Bloom cited in Kindle ibid). Smith and Elley pointed out that vocabulary acquisition are expanded while the teacher or adult reading aloud demonstrates or gives information about the targeted words (cited in Terblanche,2002: 6). Even brief explanation of one or two sentences, while presenting the text,can be beneficial for children to make beginning links between novel words and their meaning (Biemiller Boote cited in Kindle,2009 : 203). According to Carey, word learning is extended via repeated readings of text and this gives opportunities to revise and refine word meaning ( Kindle,2002: 203 ). These repetitions support students to go deeper stages of word reportory from never heard it to sounds familiar,to has something to do with,to well known (Dale cited in Kindle ibid). In addition,talking about the story during and post reading can support informal communication about words,language,opinions and real life experiences ( Terblanche,2002: 6). Reading aloud genarally supported but the most appropriate form is not clear ( Fisher et al. cited in Santoro et al. 2008: 397). Beck and Mckeown (2001) discovered the use of â€Å"text talk† in the first grade classrooms. Their study proposed that text based debates as part of reading aloud can enhance vocabulary gaining and understanding ( Beck el at. cited in Santoro, 2008 : 397). Carey recommended a two-stage model for acquiring word which includes fast and extended mapping. Fast mapping is a tool for incidental word learnig(cited in Kindle 2009: 203 ) Extended mapping is needed to achieve complete word knowledge. The definition is revised and refined to show new information via additional exposures(Carey 1978; Justice el at. ited in Kindle,2009: 203) â€Å" The style of read-aloud interection is significant to vocabulary growth ( Dickinson Smith, 1994; Gren Brabham Lynch-Brown,2002) with reading styles that encourage child participation out-performing verbatim readings. Simply put â€Å"the way boks are shared with children matters† ( McGee Schickedanz,2007,p. 742)† â€Å"High-quality read-alouds are characterized by adult mediation. Effective teachers weave in questions and comm ents as they read,creating a conversation between the children,the text,and the teacher. To facilitate word learning,teachers employ a variety of strategies such as elaboration of student responses,naming,questioning, and labeling (Roberts cited in Kindle,2009: 203)† Analysis of the literature on gaining vocabulary via read alouds comes to two conclusions. Primary,adult mediation help word acquisition ( Justice 2002,Walsh Blewitt cited in Kindle,2009, 203 ). It is pointed out that supporting vocabulary learning in the first grades using repeated reading combined with word meaning explanations work ( Biemiller and Boote cited in Kindle,2009: 203). Second,the connected effectiveness of various forms of mediation persists less clear. Adult explanations are obviously connected to word gaining,however it is not clear which aspects of the explanations are vital elements: the context,a paraphrased sentence,or even the child’s interest in the story (Brett, Rothlein Hurley cited in Kindle,2009: 203 ). It is probable Active participation in debates is more important than the types of questions posed (Walsh Blewitt, 2006 cited in Kindle,2009: 203). Read-aloud can be seen as small elements of balanced instruction. This balance does not base on a prescribed formula,it results from plenty of decisions made by teachers. These instructional decisions affect the balance of direct and incidental instruction. Teachers’ choices of a suitable balance are obvious in their uses of read-alouds, styles of reading, text determination, and in the way vocabulary is improved. (Kindle,2009: 210) The positive effects of read alouds and story telling on literacy improvement and second language learning have been proved many times by different specialists such as Vivas,Elley,Mason and Krashen (Cho Choi,2008: 69). Furthermore,there is consistent evidence that reading outside the classroom is very beneficial both first and secon language acquisition( Krashen cited in Cho Choi). VI. CONCLUSION Reading aloud can be mostly seen as an old fashioned,boring reading around the class. It is seen as part of outdated methodologies,however this does not indicate that it is no longer beneficial and useful in language learning. If reading aloud is used sensitively and appropriately,the objections can be eliminated. It is the mission of the teachers and students to decide how best to use reading aloud. If reading aloud is to be used successfully,it requires to be sparingly,sensitively,with obvious learning purposes and it should not be forgotten that reading aloud is only one of the many tools in a teacher’s kit. References Amer,Aly A. (1997). The Effect of The Teacher’s Reading Aloud on the Reading Comprehension of EFL Students. ELT Journal. 51/1: 43-47 Cho,Kyong Sook and Choi Dong Seop(2008). Are Read-Aloud and Free Reading â€Å"Natural Partners†?. Knowledge Quest. 36/5: 69-73 Gibson,Sally. (2008). Reading Aloud: A Useful Learnig Tool?. ELT Journal. 62/1: 29-37 Kindle,Karen J. 2009). Vocabulary Development During Read-Alouds: Primary Practices. The Reading Teacher. 63/3: 202-211. Santoro,Lana Edwards. Chard,J. David. Howard,Lisa. Baker,Scott K. (2008). Making Very Most of Classroom Read-Alouds to Promote Comprehension and Vocabulary. The Reading Teacher. 61/5: 396-408. Terblanche,Leezil(2002) Read-Alouds: Do They Enhance Students’ Ability to Read?. TE SOL Journal. 14p. Willis,Judy(2008). Teaching the Brain to Read : Strategies for Improving Fluency, Vocabulary, and Comprehension. Alexandria, VA, USA: Association for Supervision Curriculum Development

Free Essays on cencorship in society

when he gets hurt (Hochman 29). Parents and other adults play a great role in a young person's upbringing, so it is not surprising that children imitate their guardians' actions. Growing up without a role model forces a child to look for other sources to imitate. Although television has role models for children to admire, most of them are not beneficial for them. Unfortunately, this does not stop them from imitating the behaviors of these "role models." Profanity has even become enterta... Free Essays on cencorship in society Free Essays on cencorship in society Censorship in Society The United States Constitution gives Americans many rights. One of those rights is the freedom of speech. A controversy has erupted in the United States because the government is unable to determine the limitations on this right. "In early America, when our forefathers wrote the Constitution, profanity was not accepted" (Shoeder 72). This statement makes determining the true definition of "speech" difficult. Many people believe profanity is an acceptable form of language. These people feel that they are free to say what they want because of their freedom of speech. These people should begin to consider the rights of others. Due to this insensitivity, a child can have a hard time walking down a street without hearing offensive words. Parents are expected to explain and make excuses for the vocabulary being used by others. Profanity has become out of control, and has had a great role in the moral decay of our society. A main goal for parents and government officials should be the regulation of profanity in the United States. Adults are formed through the experiences of their childhoods. The way a person acts and speaks is often determined by what they were around at a young age. When a parent uses profanity, a child may feel free to use these words too. For instance, a mother may not intentionally use profanity when cutting her finger while in the kitchen. As a result of the mother's action, a child may use the same words when he gets hurt (Hochman 29). Parents and other adults play a great role in a young person's upbringing, so it is not surprising that children imitate their guardians' actions. Growing up without a role model forces a child to look for other sources to imitate. Although television has role models for children to admire, most of them are not beneficial for them. Unfortunately, this does not stop them from imitating the behaviors of these "role models." Profanity has even become enterta...

Written reflective commentary on group work Assignment

Written reflective commentary on group work - Assignment Example Body I would say this assignment has strengthened my communication abilities within a group setting such as this. It becomes very important when you are working as part of a team to be able to effectively and clearly communicate what it is that you need the other person to understand. Information exchange concerning who will be doing what and devising a schedule and determining who will lead the group are key periods when your communication ability becomes evident. Our group chose to meet weekly to discuss and update each other on what is going on with our part of the task. We had four meetings that the group was able to attend and the final meeting we had to change plans and meet at my flat due to the library being full. We did not have any issues with group members being present and on time. Our group did not find it necessary to have a group leader as we all did our own parts and took equal initiative. Eaxh group member completed their part successfully. We also used email to corr espond and exchanged telephone numbers. Flexibility and patience are elements of a successful group task, both of which I was able to use within the group. I was able to use flexibility when the library was closed. Because my group was on task it wasn’t necessary that I had a great deal of patience.... In dealing with members not contributing there is no reason for me to get angry as I know that I cannot influence the contribution of another. It is best in this case to contact them several times after which if they are still not contributing then let the instructor know and be certain that I have completed my own part to the group task. We did not have any issues with attendance or anyone being tardy for any meetings on the group work. Interpersonal abilities and skills are the main skills one needs to work within a group setting in completing a task. Usually before doing a group presentation you will want to find out who your audience will be. Finding out what they already know about your subject, what their attitude is and what their interest level is in your topic can help you make a more successful presentation. Knowing the size of the audience and what type of people are in is will also help. Are these business members of the community? Are they students? Are they being forced through go to your presentation for job reasons? Are they truly there on their own because they have a deep interest in what you have to say? We also would like a way to receive feedback after we’ve done our presentation/ power point and in this case we will get from the instructor. In forming groups there are different steps and stages to make a successful group that can communicate effectively together. Forming the group is when we are all assigned the group and initially noticing who else is in our group. Storming is when the ground rules get set, roles are clarified, purposes and responsibilities of each individual decided. Norming is when the